In using Physical Therapy,

first we put u in The Wet Phaze (BCB),

then We Just Move U right into the

Night of the Latin Sun, being very

careful not breaking the Wishbone 2

soon, we use a technique called

Digital Penatrashun 2 complete

therapy, after u r done it’s time 2

Relax Me Now, usually a nice

Straight Jacket will work while I

fall into Commatose listening to my

favorite horn player tell me Miles

Said Play MF while you Played Me.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Physical Therapy (album), under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Propedeutic

* Auscultation

* Medical inspection

* Palpation

* Percussion

* Temperature examination

Diagnostic

* Cardiac stress test

* Electrocardiography

* Electroencephalography

* Electrocorticography

* Electromyography

* Electroneuronography

* Electronystagmography

* Electrooculography

* Electroretinography

* Endoluminal capsule monitoring

* Endoscopy

** Colonoscopy

** Colposcopy

** Cystoscopy

** Gastroscopy

** Laparoscopy

** Laryngoscopy

** Ophthalmoscopy

** Otoscopy

** Sigmoidoscopy

* Esophageal motility study

* Evoked potential

* Magnetoencephalography

* Medical imaging

** Angiography

*** Aortography

*** Cerebral angiography

*** Coronary angiography

*** Lymphangiography

*** Pulmonary angiography

*** Ventriculography

** Chest photofluorography

** Computed tomography

** Echocardiography

** Electrical impedance tomography

** Fluoroscopy

** Magnetic resonance imaging

*** Diffuse optical imaging

*** Diffusion-weighted imaging

*** Diffusion tensor imaging

*** Functional magnetic resonance imaging

** Positron emission tomography

** Radiography

** Scintillography

** SPECT

** Ultrasonography

*** Gynecologic ultrasonography

*** Obstetric ultrasonography

*** Contrast-enhanced ultrasound

*** Intravascular ultrasound

** Thermography

** Virtual colonoscopy

* Neuroimaging

* Posturography

Therapeutic

”See also: Therapy, List of surgical procedures”

* Precordial thump

* Politzerization

* Hemodialysis

* Hemofiltration

* Plasmapheresis

* Apheresis

* Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

* Cancer immunotherapy

* Cancer vaccine

* Cervical conization

* Chemotherapy

* Cytoluminescent therapy

* Insulin potentiation therapy

* Low-dose chemotherapy

* Monoclonal antibody therapy

* Photodynamic therapy

* Radiation therapy

* Targeted therapy

* Tracheal intubation

* Unsealed source radiotherapy

* Virtual reality therapy

* Physical therapy

* Speech therapy

* Phototerapy

* Hydrotherapy

* Heat therapy

* Shock therapy

** Insulin shock therapy

** Electroconvulsive therapy

** Symptomatic treatment

* Fluid replacement therapy

* Palliative care

* Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

* Oxygen therapy

* Gene therapy

* Enzyme replacement therapy

* Intravenous therapy

* Kinesiotherapy

* Phage therapy

* Respiratory therapy

* Vision therapy

* Electrotherapy

* Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

* Laser therapy

* Combination therapy

* Occupational therapy

* Immunization

* Vaccination

* Immunosuppressive therapy

* Psychotherapy

* Drug therapy

* Acupuncture

* Antivenom

* Magnetic therapy

* Craniosacral therapy

* Chelation therapy

* Hormonal therapy

* Hormone replacement therapy

* Opiate replacement therapy

* Cell therapy

* Stem cell treatments

* Proton therapy

* Intubation

* Nebulization

* Inhalation therapy

* Ion therapy

* Fluoride therapy

* Cold compression therapy

* Animal-Assisted Therapy

* Negative Pressure Wound Therapy

* Nicotine replacement therapy

* Oral rehydration therapy

Surgical

* Stereotactic surgery

* Radiosurgery

* Endoscopic surgery

* Lithotomy

* Image-guided surgery

* Facial rejuvenation

* Neovaginoplasty

* Vaginoplasty

* Ablation

* Amputation

* Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

* Cryosurgery

* General surgery

* Hand surgery

* Laminectomy

* Hemilaminectomy

* Laparoscopic surgery

* Lithotriptor

* Lobotomy

* Knee cartilage replacement therapy

* Xenotransplantation

Other

* Interventional radiology

* Screening

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Medical procedure, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Applied Computer Science

*Applied Computer Science (Bachelor of Science/Master of Science)

*Business Informatics (Bachelor of Science)

*Media Informatics (Computer Graphics and Human-Computer Interaction – Bachelor of Science)

*Electronic Business (Master of Science)

Business Administration

*Business Administration (Bachelor of Arts)

*Industrial Engineering (Bachelor of Engineering) → ”Cooperation with Electrical Engineering & Information Technology”

*International Management (Master of Business Administration)

Electrical Engineering & Information Technology

*Electrical Engineering & Information Technology (Bachelor of Engineering/Master of Engineering)

*Process Engineering (Bachelor of Engineering) → ”Cooperation with Food Technology”

*Industrial Engineering (Bachelor of Engineering) → ”Cooperation with Business Administration”

*Systems Design & Production Management (Master of Engineering)

Food Technology

*Food Technology (Bachelor of Science)

*Process Engineering (Bachelor of Engineering) → ”Cooperation with Electrical Engineering & Information Technology”

*Food Processing (Master of Science)

Nursing & Health Sciences

*Health Sciences (Bachelor of Science)

*Nursing (Bachelor of Science)

*Nursing management (Bachelor of Science)

*Physical Therapy (Bachelor of Science/Master of Science)

*Pedagogy in Health Care Industry (Master of Arts)

*Public Health (Master of Science)

*Public Health Nutrition (Master of Science) → ”Cooperation with Oecotrophologie”

Nutritional Science

*Nutritional Science (Bachelor of Science)

*International Food Business & Consumer Studies (Master of Science)

*Public Health Nutrition (Master of Science) → ”Cooperation with Nursing & Health Sciences”

Social & Cultural Science

*Social Laws (Bachelor of Laws)

*Social Sciences (Bachelor of Arts)

*Intercultural Communication & European Studies (Master of Arts)

Social Work

*Social Work (Bachelor of Arts/Master of Arts)

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Fulda University of Applied Sciences, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Knee pain is caused by trauma, misalignment, and degeneration as well as by conditions like arthritis. The most common knee disorder is generally known as patellofemoral syndrome.The majority of minor cases of knee pain can be treated at home with rest, ice but more serious injuries do require surgical care.

One form of patellofemoral syndrome involves a tissue-related problem that creates pressure and irritation in the knee between the patella and the trochlea (patellar compression syndrome), which causes pain. The second major class of knee disorder involves a tear, slippage, or dislocation that impairs the structural ability of the knee to balance the leg (patellofemoral instability syndrome). Patellofemoral instability syndrome may cause either pain, a sense of poor balance, or both.

Age also contributes to disorders of the knee. Particularly in older people, knee pain frequently arises due to osteoarthritis. In addition, weakening of tissues around the knee may contribute to the problem. Patellofemoral instability may relate to hip abnormalities or to tightness of surrounding ligaments.

Cartilage lesions can be caused by:

* Accidents (fractures)

* Injuries

* The removal of a meniscus

* Anterior cruciate ligament injury

* Posterior cruciate ligament injury

* Considerable strain on the knee.

Any kind of work during which the knees undergo heavy stress may also be detrimental to cartilage. This is especially the case in professions in which people frequently have to walk, lift, or squat. Other causes of pain may be excessive on, and wear of, the knees, in combination with such things as muscle weakness and overweight.

Common complaints:

* A painful, blocked, locked or swollen knee.

* Sufferers sometimes feel as if their knees are about to give way, or may feel uncertain about their movement.

The pain felt by people with cartilage injury does not come from the cartilage itself, but from the irritated tissue surrounding the cartilage, or from pieces of cartilage that have come loose. If cartilage injury goes untreated, the layer of cartilage will continue to gradually wear away, causing arthrosis and gradual immobility.

Overall fitness and knee injury

Physical fitness is related integrally to the development of knee problems. The same activity such as climbing stairs may cause pain from patellofemoral compression for someone who is physically unfit, but not for someone else (or even for that person at a different time). Obesity is another major contributor to knee pain. For instance, a 30-year-old woman who weighed 120& lb at age 18 years, before her three pregnancies, and now weighs 285& lb, had added 660& lb of force across her patellofemoral joint with each step.

Common injuries due to physical activity

In sports that place great pressure on the knees, especially with twisting forces, it is common to tear one or more ligaments or cartilages.

Anterior cruciate ligament injury

ACL is the most commonly injured ligament of the knee. The injury is common during sports. Twisting of the knee is a common cause of over-stretching or tearing the ACL. When the ACL is injured one may hear a popping sound and the leg may suddenly give out. Besides swelling and pain, walking may be painful and the knee will feel unstable. Minor tears of the anterior cruciate ligament may heal over time, but a torn ACL requires surgery. After surgery, recovery is prolonged and low impact exercises are recommended to strengthen the joint.

Torn meniscus injury

The menisci act as shock absorbers and separate the two ends of bone in the knee joint. There are two menisci in the knee, the medial (inner) and the lateral (outer). When there is torn cartilage, it means that the meniscus has been injured. Meniscus tears occur during sports often when the knee is twisted. Menisci injury may be innocuous and one may be able to walk after a tear, but soon swelling and pain set in. Sometimes the knee will lock while bending. Pain often occurs when one squats. Small meniscus tears are treated conservatively but most large tears require surgery.

Fractures

Knee fractures are rare but do occur, especially as a result of motor vehicle accidents. There is usually immediate pain; swelling and one may not be able to stand on the leg. The muscles go into spasm and even the slightest movements are painful. X-rays can easily confirm the injury and surgery depends on the degree of displacement and type of fracture.

Ruptured tendon

Tendons usually attach muscle to bone. In the knee the quadriceps and patellar tendon can sometimes tear. The injuries to these tendons occur when there is forceful contraction of the knee. If the tendon is completely torn, bending or extending the leg is impossible. A completely torn tendon requires surgery but a partially torn tendon can be treated with leg immobilization followed by physical therapy.

Overuse

Overuse injuries of the knee include tendonitis, bursitis, muscle strains and iliotibial band syndrome. These injuries often develop slowly over weeks or months. Activities that induce pain usually delay healing. Rest, ice and compression do help in most cases. Once the swelling has diminished, heat packs can increase blood supply and promote healing. Most overuse injuries subside with time but can flare up if the activities are quickly resumed.

To prevent overuse injuries, warm up prior to exercise, limit high impact activities and keep your weight under control.

Surgical interventions

Before the advent of arthroscopy and arthroscopic surgery, patients having surgery for a torn ACL required at least nine months of rehabilitation, having initially spent several weeks in a full-length plaster cast. With current techniques, such patients may be walking without crutches in two weeks, and playing some sports in a few months.

In addition to developing new surgical procedures, ongoing research is looking into underlying problems which may increase the likelihood of an athlete suffering a severe knee injury. These findings may lead to effective preventive measures, especially in female athletes, who have been shown to be especially vulnerable to ACL tears from relatively minor trauma.

Articular cartilage repair treatment :

* Arthroscopic debriment of the knee (arthroscopic lavage).

* Mosaïc-plasty.

* Microfracture (Ice-picking).

* Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation.

* Osteochondral Autograft and Allografts.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Knee, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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QVH is the regional centre of excellence for burns and for reconstructive surgery – the use of specialist techniques such as tissue transplant and microvascular surgery in the restoration of people who have suffered disfigurement or destructive damage from disease, trauma, major surgery, or congenitally.

Burns

The QVH Burns Centre provides specialist burns care treatment for people living in the South East of England. The centre incorporates a five bedded Intensive Care Unit, six minor burn beds, an outpatients clinic and an operating theatre, with a team including specialist burns nurses, consultant plastic surgeons, physiotherapists and anaesthetists.

The hospital was involved in controversy in August 2007 when it turned away an 8 month old burn victim arriving by air ambulance. The row was finally resolved with both sides agreeing to disagree over the issue.

In conjunction with the Kent Police, a young woman who was seriously burned by a firework and treated at Queen Victoria Hospital has made a video telling her story to help other young people understand the dangers that fireworks present.

Corneo Plastics

The Corneo Plastic Unit was established by Sir Benjamin Rycroft in the 1940s. The unit specialises in corneal transplantation surgery and oculoplastics. The Eye Bank, previously named the National Eye Bank at the Queen Victoria Hospital, was established formally in 1952. Sir Benjamin Rycroft was instrumental in the passage of the Tissue Procurement Act, a key piece of legislation with respect to all transplant surgery in the UK.

Today, the Corneo Plastic and Ophthalmology unit performs corneal transplantation, lamellar grafts, and stem cell transplantation for occular surface rehabilitation. Raman Malhotra, consultant ophthalmologist at the hospital, discovered a method of treating Blepharospasm using filters.

Plastic Surgery

The hospital is a major centre for patients undergoing either immediate or delayed breast reconstruction, and is linked to surrounding cancer networks. There is an on site team containing consultant plastic surgeons and specialist breast care nurses. Breast reduction and surgery to correct asymmetry are also offered.

Hand surgery is also performed at the hospital. Videos of complex hand operations have been shared on YouTube by Mr Harry Belcher, a consultant hand surgeon at the hospital.

A man had his arm successfully reattached in a 14-hour operation by surgeons at Queen Victoria Hospital, after he accidentally cut it off with a ‘chainsaw’. After the operation he regained use of his fingers.

Maxillofacial Surgery

The Maxillofacial unit has an international reputation as a training and teaching unit, with staff specialising in oral surgery, orthodontics, facial trauma, head and neck cancer, orthognathic surgery, salivary gland disease, face and jaw reconstruction, and developmental facial deformity. The unit performed major reconstructive surgery on a Crawley woman who was savaged by her own dog.

Sleep Clinic

The East Grinstead Sleep Disorder Centre treats a wide range of problems concerned with sleep, including obstructive sleep apnoea, insomnia, narcolepsy and snoring.

Paediatrics

Peanut Ward is a 16-bed paediatric unit providing specialist plastic surgical, burns, maxillofacial and corneo plastic care for 0-16 year olds. The ward provides separate areas for teenagers, children and babies; facilities for one parent to stay with every child and a separate parents’ area. All trained staff on the ward have a paediatric nursing qualification and many have additional qualifications such as child protection, advanced life support, burns and plastics. The ward also contains a play specialist, a teacher, separate baby and child play areas and an outdoor play area.

Community Care

In addition to its specialist reconstructive services, QVH provides clinically excellent community healthcare to local people in and around East Grinstead, with two rehabilitation wards and a minor injuries unit (an alternative to A&E).

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Queen Victoria Hospital, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Treatment of neck pain depends on the cause. For the vast majority of people, neck pain can be treated conservatively. Recommendations which may help alleviate symptoms include applying heat or cold. Other common treatments could include medication, body mechanics training, ergonomic reform, or physical therapy.

Conservative treatment

Exercise plus joint mobilization and/or joint manipulation has been found to be beneficial in both acute and chronic mechanical neck disorders. Neither mobilization or manipulation without exercise however has been found to be helpful. Mobilization is equivalent to manipulation. Ultrasound has been shown not to be efficacious.

Medication

Analgesics such as acetaminophen or NSAIDs are recommended for pain.

Muscle relaxants such as cyclobenzaprine have not been found to be useful and are therefore not recommended. Over the counter topical creams and patches containing counterirritants have little evidence to support efficacy.

Surgery

Surgery is usually not indicated for most mechanical causes of neck pain. If neck pain is the result of instability, cancer, or other disease process surgery may be necessary. Surgery is usually not indicated for “pinched nerves” or herniated discs unless there is spinal cord compression or pain and disability have been protracted for many months and refractory to conservative treatment such as physical therapy.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Neck pain, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease; available treatments offer relatively small symptomatic benefit but remain palliative in nature. Current treatments can be divided into pharmaceutical, psychosocial and caregiving.

Pharmaceutical

Four medications are currently approved by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) to treat the cognitive manifestations of AD: three are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the other is memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist. No drug has an indication for delaying or halting the progression of the disease.

Reduction in the activity of the cholinergic neurons is a well-known feature of Alzheimer’s disease. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are employed to reduce the rate at which acetylcholine (ACh) is broken down, thereby increasing the concentration of ACh in the brain and combating the loss of ACh caused by the death of cholinergic neurons. , the cholinesterase inhibitors approved for the management of AD symptoms are donepezil (brand name ”Aricept”), galantamine (”Razadyne”), and rivastigmine (branded as ”Exelon” and ”Exelon Patch”). There is evidence for the efficacy of these medications in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease, and some evidence for their use in the advanced stage. Only donepezil is approved for treatment of advanced AD dementia. The use of these drugs in mild cognitive impairment has not shown any effect in a delay of the onset of AD. The most common side effects are nausea and vomiting, both of which are linked to cholinergic excess. These side effects arise in approximately 10–20% of users and are mild to moderate in severity. Less common secondary effects include muscle cramps, decreased heart rate (bradycardia), decreased appetite and weight, and increased gastric acid production.

Glutamate is a useful excitatory neurotransmitter of the nervous system, although excessive amounts in the brain can lead to cell death through a process called excitotoxicity which consists of the overstimulation of glutamate receptors. Excitotoxicity occurs not only in Alzheimer’s disease, but also in other neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis. Memantine (brand names ”Akatinol”, ”Axura”, ”Ebixa”/”Abixa”, ”Memox” and ”Namenda”), is a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist first used as an anti-influenza agent. It acts on the glutamatergic system by blocking NMDA receptors and inhibiting their overstimulation by glutamate. Memantine has been shown to be moderately efficacious in the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease. Its effects in the initial stages of AD are unknown. Reported adverse events with memantine are infrequent and mild, including hallucinations, confusion, dizziness, headache and fatigue. The combination of memantine and donepezil has been shown to be “of statistically significant but clinically marginal effectiveness”.

Antipsychotic drugs are modestly useful in reducing aggression and psychosis in Alzheimer’s patients with behavioural problems, but are associated with serious adverse effects, such as cerebrovascular events, movement difficulties or cognitive decline, that do not permit their routine use. When used in the long-term, they have been shown to associate with increased mortality.

Psychosocial intervention

Psychosocial interventions are used as an adjunct to pharmaceutical treatment and can be classified within behaviour-, emotion-, cognition- or stimulation-oriented approaches. Research on efficacy is unavailable and rarely specific to AD, focusing instead on dementia in general.

Behavioural interventions attempt to identify and reduce the antecedents and consequences of problem behaviours. This approach has not shown success in improving overall functioning,

but can help to reduce some specific problem behaviours, such as incontinence. There is a lack of high quality data on the effectiveness of these techniques in other behaviour problems such as wandering.

Emotion-oriented interventions include reminiscence therapy, validation therapy, supportive psychotherapy, sensory integration, also called snoezelen, and simulated presence therapy. Supportive psychotherapy has received little or no formal scientific study, but some clinicians find it useful in helping mildly impaired patients adjust to their illness. Reminiscence therapy (RT) involves the discussion of past experiences individually or in group, many times with the aid of photographs, household items, music and sound recordings, or other familiar items from the past. Although there are few quality studies on the effectiveness of RT, it may be beneficial for cognition and mood.

Simulated presence therapy (SPT) is based on attachment theories and involves playing a recording with voices of the closest relatives of the person with Alzheimer’s disease. There is partial evidence indicating that SPT may reduce challenging behaviours.

Finally, validation therapy is based on acceptance of the reality and personal truth of another’s experience, while sensory integration is based on exercises aimed to stimulate senses. There is little evidence to support the usefulness of these therapies.

The aim of cognition-oriented treatments, which include reality orientation and cognitive retraining, is the reduction of cognitive deficits. Reality orientation consists in the presentation of information about time, place or person in order to ease the understanding of the person about its surroundings and his or her place in them. On the other hand cognitive retraining tries to improve impaired capacities by exercitation of mental abilities. Both have shown some efficacy improving cognitive capacities, although in some studies these effects were transient and negative effects, such as frustration, have also been reported.

Stimulation-oriented treatments include art, music and pet therapies, exercise, and any other kind of recreational activities. Stimulation has modest support for improving behaviour, mood, and, to a lesser extent, function. Nevertheless, as important as these effects are, the main support for the use of stimulation therapies is the change in the person’s routine.

Caregiving

Since Alzheimer’s has no cure and it gradually renders people incapable of tending for their own needs, caregiving essentially is the treatment and must be carefully managed over the course of the disease.

During the early and moderate stages, modifications to the living environment and lifestyle can increase patient safety and reduce caretaker burden. Examples of such modifications are the adherence to simplified routines, the placing of safety locks, the labelling of household items to cue the person with the disease or the use of modified daily life objects. The patient may also become incapable of feeding themselves, so they require food in smaller pieces or pureed. When swallowing difficulties arise, the use of feeding tubes may be required. In such cases, the medical efficacy and ethics of continuing feeding is an important consideration of the caregivers and family members. The use of physical restraints is rarely indicated in any stage of the disease, although there are situations when they are necessary to prevent harm to the person with AD or their caregivers.

As the disease progresses, different medical issues can appear, such as oral and dental disease, pressure ulcers, malnutrition, hygiene problems, or respiratory, skin, or eye infections. Careful management can prevent them, while professional treatment is needed when they do arise. During the final stages of the disease, treatment is centred on relieving discomfort until death.

A small recent study in the US concluded that patients whose caregivers had a realistic understanding of the prognosis and clinical complications of late dementia were less likely to receive aggressive treatment near the end of life.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Alzheimer’s disease, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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When the cause of sciatica is due to a prolapsed or lumbar disc herniation 90% of disc prolapses will be resolved with no intervention. Treatment of the underlying cause of the compression is needed in cases of epidural abscess, epidural tumors, and cauda equina syndrome.

Cases of sciatica are treated with different measures. Evidence of the effectiveness of these measures is limited, however. Some of these measures are:

* Anti-inflammatory medications (e.g., NSAIDs or oral steroids. However, NSAIDs are no more effective than placebos for acute sciatica)

* Paracetamol (acetaminophen): limited evidence of effectiveness

* Narcotics: often used if pain is severe

* Physical therapy / Stretching exercises

* Epidural steroid injections provide no long-term improvements in outcomes but do provide some short-term benefits

* Non-surgical spinal decompression

* Massage therapy

* Ultrasound

* Weight loss reduces pressure on Spinal nerve roots

* Acupuncture

Surgery

Surgery speeds the resolution of pain. Two years after surgery, however, surgical and non-surgical management have about the same results; so a patient’s preference can be a valid reason to choose one or the other.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Sciatica, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Symptomatic relief of muscle and nerve pain can be obtained by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and/or muscle relaxants. Conservative treatment usually begins with stretching exercises and massage, and avoidance of contributory activities, such as running, bicycling, rowing, etc. Some clinicians recommend formal physical therapy, including the teaching of stretching techniques, massage, and strengthening of the core muscles (abs, back, etc.) to reduce strain on the piriformis. Stretching exercises will target the piriformis, but may also include the hamstrings and hip muscles, in order to adequately reduce pain and increase range of motion. Patients with piriformis syndrome may also find relief from ice and heat. Ice can be helpful when the pain starts, or immediately after an activity that causes pain. This may be simply an ice pack, or ice massage. Alternating heat and ice is often helpful. Custom foot orthotics also help with both treatment and prevention. Gait correction can reduce the use of the piriformis, allowing the muscle to relax and heal itself. Ultrasound is another option, providing deeper heat than heat packs alone.

Failure of conservative treatments described above may lead to consideration of various therapeutic injections such as local anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine), Anti-inflammatory drugs and/or corticosteroids, botulinum toxin (BTX, BOTOX), or a combination of the three. Injection technique (discussed in above section) is a significant issue since the piriformis is a very deep seated muscle. A radiologist may assist in this clinical setting by injecting a small dose of medication containing a paralysing agent such as botulinum toxin under CT control. This inactivates the piriformis muscle for 3–6 months, without resulting in leg weakness or impaired activity.

Rarely surgery may be recommended. The prognosis is generally good. Minimal access surgery using newly-reported techniques has also proven successful in a large-scale formal outcome published in 2005.

Failure of piriformis syndrome treatment may be secondary to an underlying obturator internus muscle injury.[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/308798-treatment#TreatmentMedicalIssuesComplications]

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Piriformis syndrome, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Modern hypnotherapy has been used in a variety of forms, such as regression hypnotherapy (or “hypnoanalysis”) and Ericksonian hypnotherapy.

Hypnosis has been studied clinically with varying success. Applications include:

* pain management

* weight loss

* skin disease

* soothing anxious surgical patients

* psychological therapy

* habit control, a way to relax,

* sports performance.

Self-hypnosis is popularly used to quit smoking and reduce stress, while stage hypnosis can persuade people to perform unusual public feats.

Medical applications

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Hypnosis, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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