Stone Diseases Treatment In India
Overview
Q. What are gallstones ?
Gallstones are small, pebble-like substances that develop in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped sac located below your liver in the right upper abdomen. Gallstones form when liquid stored in the gallbladder hardens into pieces of stone-like material. The liquid—called bile—helps the body digest fats. Bile is made in the liver, then stored in the gallbladder until the body needs it. The gallbladder contracts and pushes the bile into a tube—called the common bile duct—that carries it to the small intestine, where it helps with digestion.
Bile contains water, cholesterol, fats, bile salts, proteins, and bilirubin—a waste product. Bile salts break up fat, and bilirubin gives bile and stool a yellowish-brown color. If the liquid bile contains too much cholesterol, bile salts, or bilirubin, it can harden into gallstones...
The ducts include the : -
hepatic ducts, which carry bile out of the liver cystic duct which takes bile to and from the gallbladder common bile duct which takes bile from the cystic and hepatic ducts to the small intestine
Symptoms
Severe pain in the upper abdomen that starts suddenly and lasts from 30 minutes to many hours. Pain under the right shoulder or in the right shoulder blade. Nausea or vomiting. Indigestion after eating high-fat foods, such as fried foods or desserts.
types of gallstones : -
Cholesterol gallstones : - Cholesterol gallstones are made primarily of cholesterol. They are the most common type of gallstone. Cholesterol is a fat, however, and bile is an aqueous or watery solution; fats do not dissolve in watery solutions. In order to make the cholesterol dissolve in bile, the liver also secretes two detergents-bile acids and lecithin-into the bile. These detergents, just like dish-washing detergents, dissolve the fatty cholesterol so that it can be carried by bile through the ducts.
Pigment gallstones: - Pigment gallstones are the second most common type of gallstone. Pigment is a waste product formed from hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying chemical in red blood cells. The hemoglobin from old red blood cells that are being destroyed is changed into a chemical called bilirubin and released into the blood. Bilirubin is removed from the blood by the liver. The liver modifies the bilirubin and secretes the modified bilirubin or into bile.
Black pigment gallstones : - If there is too much bilirubin in bile, the bilirubin combines with other constituents in bile, for example, calcium, to form pigment (so-called because it is dark brown in color).
Brown pigment gallstones : - If there is reduced contraction of the gallbladder or obstruction to the flow of bile through the ducts, bacteria may ascend from the duodenum into the bile ducts and gallbladder.
Other types of gallstones : - Other types of gallstones are rare. Ceftriaxone is unusual in that it is eliminated from the body in bile in high concentrations. It combines with calcium in bile and becomes insoluble. Like cholesterol and pigment, the insoluble ceftriaxone and calcium form particles that grow into gallstones. Another rare type of gallstone is formed from calcium carbonate...
Q. Who is at risk for gallstones ?
People at risk for gallstones include : -
women—especially women who are pregnant, use hormone replacement therapy, or take birth control pills people over age 60 American Indians Mexican Americans overweight or obese men and women people who fast or lose a lot of weight quickly people with a family history of gallstones people with diabetes people who take cholesterol-lowering drugs...
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