Acellular Pertussis Vaccine
The idea of extracting protective antigens of pertussis organisms comes from the 60's.
The workers in the United States and Japan have succeeded in the isolation of toxin
Purified pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin and the early 80s.However, acellular vaccines could only manage their recognition in 90 years.
The success of the acellular vaccines has had many beneficial products. First, replacement of acellular vaccines for the whole-cell in most countries efforts have eliminated the constant irritation of a vaccine that was highly weaker reaction, even if the permanent disability due to the vaccine were much exceedingly rare.
For example, hypotonic hyporesponsive episodes were threatening, causing dissatisfaction with the vaccine despite the absence of sequelae, Second, the results of tests showed that the purified antigens could protect wavered, but the suspensions of Bordetella bacteria, or more could accurately reconstruct protection using protein set.
Vaccines containing one to five antigens showed protection compared with placebo, but
data raised a fire storm of controversy, fueled by interest trade, and for the relative importance of vaccines.
It is true that only vaccine with five components, which contained all the factors known to defer was statistically proven to meet the protection afforded by a good vaccine entire cell, but nevertheless, all the acellular vaccines were effective.
Third, success of the acellular vaccines provided a platform for the combination of pediatric vaccines based on proteins purified pertussis, instead of a mixture pertussis bacteria.
COMBINATION VACCINE
The second important recent discovery was how to combine the pediatric vaccines. It may seem strange combinations nominate as a recent discovery, considering that Ramon has combined diphtheria and tetanus toxoids in the 20s and diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole-cell pertussis (DTP) is itself a combination vaccine.
However, more inclusive combinations are a major advancement in vaccinology, removing the obstacle of multiple injections and making room for more new valences in the scheme pediátrico.
Recently two companies licensed vaccines containing diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b ( Hib), inactivated polio (IPV) and hepatitis B in Europe. Despite the problem of interference between the acellular vaccines against pertussis and Hib, these combinations are apparently successful. Another combination, used in Canada, shows no interference problems.
It is expected that all these combinations will be licensed in the United States. The combination vaccine has facilitated the restoration of VIP. Occurrence prognosticável of cases of paralytic poliomyelitis associated with vaccine (VAPP) after oral polio vaccine (OPV) has become a problem, even in countries development.
The VAPP can be avoided by using VIP. The inclusion of VIP 3 concentrated, purified on a combination pediatric vaccine reduces the costs of acquisition and administration of the vaccine to a significant degree.
Varicella Vaccine
The varicella vaccine took 20 years to be developed and finally reached use wide in the mid 90s. The licensing of the varicella vaccine is significant in two respects. First, it provides control of the last major rash of childhood, the which although usually self-limited, contributes significantly to sepsis streptococcal life-threatening, encephalitis and pneumonia. Second, is the first licensed vaccine for a virus of human herpes group, offering prevention or moderation of the primary disease and perhaps the prevention of infection reactivated in the form of zoster, the virus responsible for "shingles" (herpes zoster).
LIVE INFLUENZA VACCINE
Again, this is a vaccine with deep routes in history. The idea of using viruses attenuated mutants administered intranasally has been discussed for some times and was used in the former Soviet Union and Japan, however, previous data to were about the effectiveness of low quality and not convincing.
More recently, strains developed by adaptation to the wire and methods and recombination have been undergo further testing, with excellent results.
The experiments on children have shown high efficacy and experiments in adults have shown a synergistic effect of live vaccine on the immunogenicity of the virus dead. The potential of live vaccine is enormous. Universal vaccination of infants could control the reservoir of influenza in school children, therefore offering protection to young siblings and elderly grandparents.
If they also receive the vaccine live, even the grandparents could benefit from an increase in the effectiveness of the vaccine dead, which is not always high when an epidemic strain differs from that of the vaccine.
If the live vaccine can be produced in sufficient quantity, it offers the best hope to abort a pandemic caused by a new strain of influenza. Strains seeds containing hemagglutinin genes of all 15 types must be prepared and stocked.
Rotavirus Vaccine
It may be surprising to choose what may seem to be a failure of the vaccine as one of the ten most important recent discoveries in vaccinology. However, there are two contradictory reasons for the inclusion of rotavirus vaccine. First, despite complication of intussusception, which caused the withdrawal of the vaccine rotavirus strain based on the rhesus monkey, the fact is that this oral vaccine has proved highly effective against the disease agent, serious. The protection is in same order as that after natural infection repeated, so that can be expected that any replication of the rotavirus vaccine is also protective.
So, the second generation of rotavirus vaccines currently in clinical trials based on bovine and human strains are also likely to be effective. If this is true, if they induce or not intuscepções rare, the prospect for licensing in developed countries and developing countries are good. Second, the vaccine rotavirus marks the first time since the incident that a Cutter vaccine was placed on the market and then withdrawn from the market due to an adverse reaction. This suggests that perhaps there should be an interval after the licensing for data collection before being made a recommendation for universal use of a vaccine in children.
Margarida Ventura is Psychologist and likes the profession and help others. Visit Depressao and Ansiedade
